Exchange overview
Kraken
Recorded facts for this trading venue, drawn from public sources.
Answer from public records
Is Kraken regulated?
Kraken does not have one universal regulatory status. VenueVeritas reviews regulatory records by legal entity, jurisdiction, and authorization scope.
Payward Europe Solutions Limited appears in a public record of Central Bank of Ireland (IE) under identifier C468360.
This evidence applies only to the specified entity, jurisdiction and authorized scope.
Official sources: Central Bank of Ireland
Last checked: 2026-08-25
What this evidence does NOT mean
- A regulatory record attached to a named legal entity is not a global licence for the brand.
- Absence of a published record is not a finding that a venue is unregulated. Unknown remains unknown.
- Proof of Reserves is not a full financial audit and is not proof of solvency.
- Custody claims and evidence coverage are not a safety score or investment recommendation.
- VenueVeritas publishes verified public records only. Missing fields stay missing.
Crypto exchange regulation evidence directory · How we checked
Simple summary
What does VenueVeritas currently publish about this venue?
- VenueVeritas publishes a public evidence record for Kraken. Missing facts stay unknown; this page is not a ranking or recommendation.
- A verified legal relation is on file: Payward Europe Solutions Limited (role unresolved). Brand name and legal entity are not treated as interchangeable.
- Payward Europe Solutions Limited appears in a public regulatory record of Central Bank of Ireland (IE) under identifier C468360. This record attaches to the named legal entity and jurisdiction, not automatically to the global brand.
- 5 confirmed product offering records are on file.
- Structured custody claims are on file (1). Claims are published as stated under their documented scope and are not converted into a safety rating.
- Proof-of-reserves snapshot records are on file (latest snapshot on file: 2026-06-30). Proof of reserves is not, by itself, equivalent to a full financial audit or proof of solvency.
Key public record
- Publication status
- Ready with disclosure
- Research cycle
- Investigated — not a claim that every fact is on file
- How much info is available
- 7 / 7 coveredi
- Operating company
- Payward Europe Solutions Limited
- Registration / licence record
- C468360 (IE)
- Products confirmed
- 5 on file
- How assets are held
- 1 holding notes
- Latest reserve information
- Published (2026-06-30)
- Fee snapshot
- 2 dated snapshots
- Last checked
- Aug 27, 2026
Which operating company is mapped to Kraken?
Which legal entities are mapped to this venue in the public record?
Which legal entity is associated with Kraken?
On the public record VenueVeritas has reviewed, Kraken is associated with Payward Europe Solutions Limited (role unresolved on the public record).
A brand name is not treated as interchangeable with a legal entity. This mapping is limited to the verified relation on file.
Official source (Kraken)
https://www.kraken.com/gb/legal/eea-terms
Verified on public record: 2026-08-25
Payward Europe Solutions Limited
- Role
- Verified relationship · Role unresolved
- Country / region
- Not found
- Scope
- Mapped to this venue in the public record
- Last checked
- Aug 25, 2026
View official recordhttps://www.kraken.com/gb/legal/eea-terms
What registration or licence records are on file for Kraken?
Which regulatory instruments are on file for named legal entities — and at what scope?
Regulatory instruments attach to named legal entities and jurisdictions — not automatically to the global brand.
Crypto exchange regulation evidence directory
What regulatory records are on file for Kraken?
Payward Europe Solutions Limited appears in a public record of Central Bank of Ireland (IE) under identifier C468360.
This record attaches to the named legal entity and jurisdiction, not automatically to the global Kraken brand.
Official source (Central Bank of Ireland)
http://registers.centralbank.ie/FirmDataPage.aspx?firmReferenceNumber=C468360
Verified on public record: 2026-08-25
What regulatory identifier is on file for Payward Europe Solutions Limited?
Payward Europe Solutions Limited is listed in a public register of Central Bank of Ireland (IE) under identifier C468360 (MiCA CASP Authorization).
This record applies to the named legal entity and jurisdiction; it should not be read as a global authorization for the Kraken brand.
Central Bank of Ireland / Central Bank of Ireland
http://registers.centralbank.ie/FirmDataPage.aspx?firmReferenceNumber=C468360
Verified on public record: 2026-08-25
Public evidence graph: · records C468360
Payward Europe Solutions Limited — C468360
Payward Europe Solutions Limited is listed in a public regulatory record of Central Bank of Ireland (IE) under identifier C468360. This authorization attaches to the named legal entity and jurisdiction — not automatically to the global brand.
- Instrument class
- Authorization
- Instrument status
- Active
- Regulator
- Central Bank of Ireland
- Country / region
- IE
- Register identifier
- C468360
- Instrument label
- MiCA CASP Authorization
- Granted
- Not found
- Effective
- Not found
- Last checked
- Aug 25, 2026
View official recordhttp://registers.centralbank.ie/FirmDataPage.aspx?firmReferenceNumber=C468360
Products
Which product offerings are confirmed in the public record?
- SpotOffered
View official recordhttps://www.kraken.com/legal/global-terms
- MarginOffered
View official recordhttps://www.kraken.com/legal/global-terms
- PerpetualsOffered
View official recordhttps://www.kraken.com/features/futures
- OptionsOffered
View official recordhttps://www.kraken.com/features/options
- OtherOffered
View official recordhttps://www.kraken.com/features/staking
How does Kraken say customer assets are held?
What does VenueVeritas confirm about custody? Claims are stated facts under documented scope — not a safety conclusion.
Notes on how assets are held are shown as stated by the source. Not a safety rating. Detail pages may also say Custody.
What does Kraken disclose about custody?
VenueVeritas has structured custody claims on file for Kraken. As stated in the reviewed sources:
Custody model: Digital Assets held in custody by us for you; separate ledgers
These claims are published under their documented scope and are not converted into a safety rating.
Official source (Kraken)
https://www.kraken.com/legal/global-terms
Verified on public record: 2026-08-27
Who holds customer assets at Kraken?
A published custody claim on file states: Custody model — Digital Assets held in custody by us for you; separate ledgers.
This is a source-stated claim under documented scope, not a VenueVeritas safety conclusion.
Official source (Kraken)
https://www.kraken.com/legal/global-terms
Verified on public record: 2026-08-27
Custody model
Digital Assets held in custody by us for you; separate ledgers
- Operating company
- Venue-level record
- Scope
- custody_model_claim
- As of
- Aug 27, 2026
- Source
- Kraken
View official recordhttps://www.kraken.com/legal/global-terms
Does Kraken publish reserve data? (Also called Proof of Reserves / PoR in detail.)
Does this venue have a proof-of-reserves snapshot on file?
Reserve information (Proof of Reserves / PoR) is not, by itself, a full financial audit or proof of solvency.
Proof of Reserves evidence directory · What Proof of Reserves is not
Does Kraken publish proof of reserves?
VenueVeritas has a proof-of-reserves snapshot on file dated 2026-06-30. The snapshot records methodology “Merkle” and assets covered as “Selected assets”.
Proof of reserves is not equivalent to a full financial audit or proof of solvency.
Proof-of-reserves page (as reviewed)
https://www.kraken.com/proof-of-reserves
Verified on public record: 2026-08-27
Latest snapshot on file: 2026-06-30
- Methodology
- Merkle
- Assets covered
- Selected assets
- Liabilities scope
- yes
- Reserve ratio
- Not found
- Attester
- Not found
- Third-party verification
- Not checked
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/proof-of-reserves
Fee records
What dated fee snapshots are on file?
What fee records are on file for Kraken?
VenueVeritas publishes dated fee snapshots for Kraken (latest as of 2026-08-27). These are snapshot records, not timeless “current fees”.
spot maker: 0.40 percent (0) — fee snapshot verified on 2026-08-27.
spot taker: 0.80 percent (0) — fee snapshot verified on 2026-08-27.
Fee schedule source (as reviewed)
https://www.kraken.com/features/fee-schedule
Verified on public record: 2026-08-27
spot / maker: 0.40 percent
As of 2026-08-27 · Tier: 0 · official_schedule
- Operating company
- Venue-level record
- As of
- 2026-08-27
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/features/fee-schedule
spot / taker: 0.80 percent
As of 2026-08-27 · Tier: 0 · official_schedule
- Operating company
- Venue-level record
- As of
- 2026-08-27
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/features/fee-schedule
Security & operational record
Which confirmed security or operational events are published?
No structured incident record is currently published for this venue. This does not mean no incident has occurred.
What geographic restrictions are documented for Kraken?
Which geographic restrictions are confirmed in the public record?
Missing restriction rows do not mean unrestricted availability. Regional terms must not be read as global venue restrictions.
Is Kraken available in the United States?
VenueVeritas does not currently publish a United States geographic-restriction row for Kraken.
Missing restriction rows do not mean unrestricted availability in the United States.
Which countries restrict Kraken?
Published restriction jurisdiction codes on file: AF, BY, CD, CU, IQ, IR, JP, KP, LY, RU, SD, SS, SY, UA-CRIMEA, UA-DONETSK, UA-LUHANSK.
These rows are not a complete worldwide availability map. Regional terms must not be read as a global brand restriction, and missing codes do not mean the venue is available there.
16 confirmed restriction records on file.
| Jurisdiction | Type | Status | Product scope |
|---|---|---|---|
| AF | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| BY | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| CD | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| CU | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| IQ | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| IR | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| JP | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| KP | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| LY | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| RU | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| SD | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| SS | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| SY | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| UA-CRIMEA | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| UA-DONETSK | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
| UA-LUHANSK | Venue-wide | Prohibited | — |
Open questions / unresolved records
Which material fields remain unresolved after research?
Security operations — Researched — unresolved
Status page located; no dated material incident structured this phase
Official sources
11 source references (publisher + URL).
Central Bank of Ireland
Regulator
Open official source ↗http://registers.centralbank.ie/FirmDataPage.aspx?firmReferenceNumber=C468360
Last checked: Aug 25, 2026
European Securities and Markets Authority
Regulator
Open official source ↗https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/CASPS.csv
Last checked: Aug 25, 2026
Kraken
Company disclosure
Open official source ↗https://support.kraken.com/gb/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated
Last checked: Aug 25, 2026
Kraken
Company disclosure
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com
Last checked: Aug 25, 2026
Kraken
Company disclosure
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/gb/legal/eea-terms
Last checked: Aug 25, 2026
Kraken
Company disclosure
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/legal/global-terms
Last checked: Aug 25, 2026
Kraken
Other public source
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/features/futures
Last checked: Aug 26, 2026
Kraken
Other public source
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/features/options
Last checked: Aug 26, 2026
Kraken
Other public source
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/features/staking
Last checked: Aug 26, 2026
Official source
Other public source
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/proof-of-reserves
Last checked: Aug 27, 2026
Official source
Other public source
Open official source ↗https://www.kraken.com/features/fee-schedule
Last checked: Aug 27, 2026
Alternatives
Alternatives to Kraken
Candidates selected by published evidence attributes — product, jurisdiction, custody, PoR and record completeness. Not ordered by affiliate payout.
Different regulatory evidence profile
Different regulatory evidence profile
Different regulatory evidence profile
Different regulatory evidence profile
Different regulatory evidence profile
How we checked
Based on public information. Blank means not confirmed yet.
Last checked: Aug 27, 2026 · Last checked: Aug 25, 2026
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